Thoracic Spine 101: Anatomy, Functions, and Treatments for a Healthy Back

Introduction

The thoracic spine, the middle section of the spinal column, is a crucial part of our body that supports movement and houses the rib attachments. Understanding its anatomy, function, and ways to maintain its health is essential. This article will explore the thoracic spine's structure, function, common conditions, and treatments for optimal spinal health.

Thoracic Spine: An Overview

The thoracic spine is the longest section of the spine, starting at the base of the neck and extending to the bottom of the ribs. It comprises 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) and provides attachments for the ribs. The thoracic spine protects the spinal cord, supports the chest and abdominal areas, and aids in body movement. It consists of vertebrae, joints, intervertebral discs, soft tissues, and spinal cord/nerves.

The Vertebrae

Each thoracic vertebra is composed of a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and processes. The vertebral body absorbs much of the force exerted on the vertebrae and contains trabecular bone with red bone marrow, surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone. The vertebral arch forms the vertebral canal that encloses and protects the spinal cord. Processes serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments, connecting the spine.

Thoracic vertebrae  also contain costal facets, unique to this region, which connect each vertebra to a rib. These facets are characteristic of thoracic vertebrae since no other vertebrae connect with and support the ribs.

Joints and Discs

The thoracic spine has two types of joints: zygapophyseal (facet) joints and costovertebral joints. Facet joints contain cartilage, allowing smooth movement between vertebrae, maintaining spinal alignment, and bearing weight. Costovertebral joints, exclusive to the thoracic spine, support ribs and restrict their movement.

Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers and consist of a gel-like nucleus pulposus surrounded by a dense fibrocartilage outer ring. These discs are essential for the spine's flexibility and help maintain the spine's overall health.

Soft Tissues

The spinal column is supported by soft tissue structures: ligaments, muscles, and tendons. Ligaments connect and protect the vertebrae and discs, stabilize the spine, and prevent excessive movement. Muscles hold the spine and body upright and allow bending and twisting. Tendons connect muscles and ligaments to the spinal bone.

Common Conditions and Symptoms

Thoracic spine conditions include vertebral compression fractures, kyphosis, scoliosis, herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, spinal cord injuries, and overuse injuries. Symptoms to watch for include pain in the thoracic region, abnormally rounded or uneven shoulders/back, bladder or bowel dysfunction, nausea and vomiting, difficulty breathing, and decreased sensation in the limbs.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment options depend on the condition's cause, severity, and your overall health. Nonsurgical treatments include physical therapy, back bracing, ice/heat therapy, injections, and medication. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary. Preventive measures include choosing a supportive mattress, strengthening core muscles, maintaining good posture, and ensuring adequate vitamin D and calcium intake.

By understanding the thoracic spine's anatomy and function, and taking preventative measures, you can maintain its health and avoid potential issues in the future. If you are experiencing mid-back pain, it may be time to see a specialist. Book your initial consultation with Dr. Matthew Kohler at Ospina Medical today to get started on your pain relief journey!

Written By: Harshitha Mageshkumar

Edited By: Camden Rowe